Abstract:The study of metaphor can be traced back to 2000 years ago, when Aristotle proposed it as a rhetoric device. In 20th century, scholars began to study metaphors through the cognitive linguistic approach, and the publication of Metaphors We Live By of Lakoff and Johnson, and their Conceptual Metaphor Theory brought the study to the climax. Political metaphors refer to those used to describe political events, which can be found in politicians’ speeches, critical articles and literary works for satirizing. This essay aims at introducing the metaphor study from the perspective of cognitive linguistics by analyzing the metaphors from 1984 to see how political metaphors help writers to express their political views.

Key words: metaphor development of metaphor conceptual metaphor theory political metaphor

Content

摘要：

Abstract:

1. Introduction-2

1. 1 Background-2

1.2 Layout-3

2. Metaphors, conceptual metaphor theory and political metaphors-4

2.1 Metaphors and the development of metaphors-4

2.1.1 Traditional approach of Metaphor-4

2.1.2 Functional grammar approach of metaphor-5

2.1.3 Cognitive perspective of metaphors-7

2.2 Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT)-8

2.2.1 Definition of CMT-8

2.2.2 The Mechanism of CMT-9

2.2.3 The Classification of CMT-10

2.2.4 Summary-12

2.3 Political metaphor-13

2.3.1 Definition of Political Metaphors-13

2.3.2 Functions of Political Metaphors-13

2.4 Theoretical Research Discussion-15

3. Political Metaphors in 1984-16

3.1 Introduction of 1984-16

3.2 The Basic Concepts of the CMT Reflected in 1984-17

3.2.1 The Basic Concept of Ordinary People-17

3.2.2 The Basic Concept of Winston-19

3.3 Political Metaphors on the Structure of Oceania-19

3.3.1 The Metaphors of Social Structure-19

3.3.2 The Political Metaphors on the Government-20

3.3.3 Metaphors of the Slogans-20

3.3.4 The Metaphors of People’s Living Condition-23

3.4 Other Political Metaphors in 1984-24

3.4.1 The Political Metaphors of Goldstein-24

3.4.1.1 Introduction of Goldstein-24

3.4.2 The Political Metaphors of O’Brien-25

3.4.3 The metaphors of Room 101-28

4. Conclusion-30

Appendix-31

Acknowledgement-33

Bibliography:-34