更新时间:02-03 上传会员:皇家戏子
分类:文史类论文 论文字数:12403 需要金币:500个
摘要:密折制度是清代所独有的文书制度,也是一种特殊的政治制度。它始创于康熙时期,在雍正时期得到大规模推行,成为雍正推行新政的得力工具。密折是两位皇帝巩固自己统治的有效手段。但不同的是,密折在康熙时期只是初具规模,而雍正皇帝在肯定的基础上采取扩大上奏官员的范围,匣锁保护装置,创建奏折录副制度,密折限期缴回等各项措施完善了这一制度,使其更为成熟。
关键词:清朝;康熙;雍正;密折制度;比较
Abstract: The secret memorial system, also a special kind of political system, is an unique document system to the Qing dynasty. It was established in the period of emperor Kangxi, then get in mass implementation by the period of emperor Yongzheng, becoming an excellent tool to implement the new regime. The secret memorial was the two emperor of the effective means to consolidate their rule. But the difference was the secret memorial to take shape in the period of emperor Kangxi, the emperor Yongzheng on the basis of certain taking various measures such as expanding upon official range, box lock protection device, creating the deputy system, The secret memorial deadline to return to perfect this system.
Key words:
The Qing dynasty; The Emperor Kangxi; The Emperor Yongzheng; The secret memorial system; Comparison ;
密折制度在雍正时期是很有创意的“信访”制度,在那一历史阶段发挥了重要作用,深深地积淀了信访文化的历史浓彩和痕迹,可以说对现在的民主信访制度有一定的借鉴。不过密折制度毕竟有得有失,它只是在特定的历史条件下实行的,并非长久之计。
清时期的密折制度在总体上看是行之有效的,既加强了中央集权,保证了皇权的独尊地位,又使得皇帝与臣僚及时有效地沟通信息,利于行政效率的提高与决策的准确性。奏折后来成为清代的官方通用文书也说明了密折制度所具备的这些优点。密折制度的广泛施行,提高了政府的决策效率,因为密折相对于题本、奏本更简便,更迅速。对密折制度的推行不仅仅是清代封建专制主义中央集权制度发展的需要,也是清代皇帝加强自身权力,巩固自身统治必然采取的措施。尽管密折制度仅是一种文书制度,但它对政治的影响之大,远超过一般衙门的兴废,它涉及到皇帝政令的贯彻执行,君臣间权力的分配,政府办事效率的提高,对百官臣僚的有效监察,是官僚政治的重大转折,这种密折政治,将我国封建社会君主专制制度推向了顶峰。