摘要：非物质文化遗产是人们世代相传并视为其文化遗产组成部分的各种传统文化表现形式，以及与之相关的各种实物和场所。在《非物质文化遗产法》颁布之后更加有必要注重非物质文化遗产的私权保护，私权保护有助于非物质文化遗产的保存、保护和弘扬。非物质文化遗产的私权保护有其广泛的正当性基础，区分个人、传统社区和国家这三类权利主体，明晰知识产权模式和专有权模式与权利内容的契合点，构建私权保护体系，这都是我们将非物质文化遗产的具体保护工作付诸实践的最重要的保障。

关键词：非物质文化遗产 私权保护 权利体系

Abstract: Intangible cultural heritage is the manifestations of assorted traditional cultures, related objects and places which inherited by generations and generations of people and are regarded as components of cultural heritages. As Law on Intangible Cultural Heritage has been enacted, it becomes more important to pay high attention to the protection of private rights of intangible cultural heritage, for it can avail the maintenance, protection and, promotion of it. The protection of private rights of intangible cultural heritage boasts a broad, as well as justified, base. Distinguishing three subjects of rights–individuals, traditional communities and nations, making out the integrated point between the mode of intellectual propriety rights and the mode of exclusive rights and building up the system for the protection of private rights are the three most important guarantees for the practice of intangible cultural heritage.

Key words: Intangible cultural heritage; Protection of private rights; Power structure

　　　对非物质文化遗产的抢救性保护是当务之急，但是非物质文化遗产要想持久生存必定要有所发展，有所创新，在经济全球化的浪潮下它必须既富有其传统魅力，又要融合当代人的时代需求。而且，我们越来越注意到非物质文化遗产是国家文化发展战略的重要内容，在推动国家经济可持续发展，实现文化产业振兴，提高中国传统文化的世界影响力和竞争力方面将大有作为。文化的创新与繁荣没有制度的保驾护航是难以前行的。法律是构建现代社会制度的重要工具，用法哲学的理论和方法明晰非物质文化遗产的私权利益、构建私权体系是非物质文化遗产法律保护的重要内容。